Procedure examples

MiniDuke uses Google Search to identify C2 servers if its primary C2 method via Twitter is not working.

Anchor can use secondary C2 servers for communication after establishing connectivity and relaying victim information to primary C2 servers.

S-Type primarily uses port 80 for C2, but falls back to ports 443 or 8080 if initial communication fails.

DustySky has two hard-coded domains for C2 servers; if the first does not respond, it will try the second.

The C2 server used by XTunnel provides a port number to the victim to use as a fallback in case the connection closes on the currently used port.

CharmPower can change its C2 channel once every 360 loops by retrieving a new domain from the actors’ S3 bucket.

QUADAGENT uses multiple protocols (HTTPS, HTTP, DNS) for its C2 server as fallback channels if communication with one is unsuccessful.

TAINTEDSCRIBE can randomly pick one of five hard-coded IP addresses for C2 communication; if one of the IP fails, it will wait 60 seconds and then try another IP address.

GlassWorm has utilized Google Calendar as backup C2.

Uroburos can use up to 10 channels to communicate between implants.

PipeMon can switch to an alternate C2 domain when a particular date has been reached.

JHUHUGIT tests if it can reach its C2 server by first attempting a direct connection, and if it fails, obtaining proxy settings and sending the connection through a proxy, and finally injecting code into a running browser if the proxy method fails.

Crutch has used a hardcoded GitHub repository as a fallback channel.

Derusbi uses a backup communication method with an HTTP beacon.

Shark can update its configuration to use a different C2 server.

Bazar has the ability to use an alternative C2 server if the primary server fails.

HiddenFace can use active and passive C2 modes that use different encryption algorithms and backdoor commands.

Valak can communicate over multiple C2 hosts.

OilBooster can use a backup channel to request a new refresh token from its C2 server after 10 consecutive unsuccessful connections to the primary OneDrive C2 server.

Cardinal RAT can communicate over multiple C2 host and port combinations.

BISCUIT malware contains a secondary fallback command and control server that is contacted after the primary command and control server.

Kwampirs uses a large list of C2 servers that it cycles through until a successful connection is established.

CHOPSTICK can switch to a new C2 channel if the current one is broken.

Ebury has implemented a fallback mechanism to begin using a DGA when the attacker hasn't connected to the infected system for three days.

SideTwist has primarily used port 443 for C2 but can use port 80 as a fallback.

Mis-Type first attempts to use a Base64-encoded network protocol over a raw TCP socket for C2, and if that method fails, falls back to a secondary HTTP-based protocol to communicate to an alternate C2 server.

Kevin can assign hard-coded fallback domains for C2.

Linfo creates a backdoor through which remote attackers can change C2 servers.

Gelsemium can use multiple domains and protocols in C2.

Mythic can use a list of C2 URLs as fallback mechanisms in case one IP or domain gets blocked.

TeamPCP Cloud Stealer can compress and encrypt data and exfiltrate it via POST to an attacker-controlled domain. If that method fails it can use the victim's own GitHub account to create a public repository and uploads the encrypted data as a release asset.

Mini Shai-Hulud has established Fallback Channels to exfiltrate data to Github when other configured infrastructure is found to be unreachable.

Volt Typhoon has collected window title information from compromised systems.

Lazarus Group malware IndiaIndia obtains and sends to its C2 server the title of the window for each running process. The KilaAlfa keylogger also reports the title of the window in the foreground.

HEXANE has used a PowerShell-based keylogging tool to capture the window title.

PowerDuke has a command to get text of the current foreground window.

PAKLOG has used `GetForegroundWindow` to access the foreground window. PAKLOG has also captured text from the foreground windows.

TONESHELL has used `GetForegroundWindow` to detect virtualization or sandboxes by calling the API twice and comparing each window handle.

NETWIRE can discover and close windows on controlled systems.

Aria-body has the ability to identify the titles of running windows on a compromised host.

DUSTTRAP can enumerate running application windows.

Machete saves the window names.

InvisiMole can enumerate windows and child windows on a compromised host.

WINERACK can enumerate active windows.

Kazuar gathers information about opened windows.

Flagpro can check the name of the window displayed on the system.

ROKRAT can use the `GetForegroundWindow` and `GetWindowText` APIs to discover where the user is typing.

DarkWatchman reports window names along with keylogger information to provide application context.

DarkGate will search for cryptocurrency wallets by examining application window names for specific strings. DarkGate extracts information collected via NirSoft tools from the hosting process's memory by first identifying the window through the FindWindow API function.

Metamorfo can enumerate all windows on the victim’s machine.